27,115 research outputs found
The use of x-ray scattering to study the anomalous elastic properties of fe-ni alloys
X-ray scattering technique for study of elastic properties of nickel-iron allo
On satellite meteorology studies Final report
Satellite meteorology research on polar energy budget, atmospherics detection, and Mars atmospheric circulatio
On the Evolutionary History of Stars and their Fossil Mass and Light
The total extragalactic background radiation can be an important test of the
global star formation history (SFH). Using direct observational estimates of
the SFH, along with standard assumptions about the initial mass function (IMF),
we calculate the total extragalactic background radiation and the observed
stellar density today. We show that plausible SFHs allow a significant range in
each quantity, but that their ratio is very tightly constrained. Current
estimates of the stellar mass and extragalactic background are difficult to
reconcile, as long as the IMF is fixed to the Salpeter slope above 1 Msun. The
joint confidence interval of these two quantities only agrees with that
determined from the allowed range of SFH fits at the 3-sigma level, and for our
best-fit values the discrepancy is about a factor of two. Alternative energy
sources that contribute to the background, such as active galactic nuclei
(AGN), Population III stars, or decaying particles, appear unlikely to resolve
the discrepancy. However, changes to the IMF allow plausible solutions to the
background problem. The simplest is an average IMF with an increased
contribution from stars around 1.5--4 Msun. A ``paunchy'' IMF of this sort
could emerge as a global average if low mass star formation is suppressed in
galaxies experiencing rapid starbursts. Such an IMF is consistent with
observations of star-forming regions, and would help to reconcile the fossil
record of star formation with the directly observed SFH.Comment: 21 pages, 7 figures, 3 tables; submitted to Monthly Notice
Accurate determination of the Lagrangian bias for the dark matter halos
We use a new method, the cross power spectrum between the linear density
field and the halo number density field, to measure the Lagrangian bias for
dark matter halos. The method has several important advantages over the
conventional correlation function analysis. By applying this method to a set of
high-resolution simulations of 256^3 particles, we have accurately determined
the Lagrangian bias, over 4 magnitudes in halo mass, for four scale-free models
with the index n=-0.5, -1.0, -1.5 and -2.0 and three typical CDM models. Our
result for massive halos with ( is a characteristic non-linear
mass) is in very good agreement with the analytical formula of Mo & White for
the Lagrangian bias, but the analytical formula significantly underestimates
the Lagrangian clustering for the less massive halos $M < M_*. Our simulation
result however can be satisfactorily described, with an accuracy better than
15%, by the fitting formula of Jing for Eulerian bias under the assumption that
the Lagrangian clustering and the Eulerian clustering are related with a linear
mapping. It implies that it is the failure of the Press-Schechter theories for
describing the formation of small halos that leads to the inaccuracy of the Mo
& White formula for the Eulerian bias. The non-linear mapping between the
Lagrangian clustering and the Eulerian clustering, which was speculated as
another possible cause for the inaccuracy of the Mo & White formula, must at
most have a second-order effect. Our result indicates that the halo formation
model adopted by the Press-Schechter theories must be improved.Comment: Minor changes; accepted for publication in ApJ (Letters) ; 11 pages
with 2 figures include
The growth of galaxies in cosmological simulations of structure formation
We use hydrodynamic simulations to examine how the baryonic components of
galaxies are assembled, focusing on the relative importance of mergers and
smooth accretion in the formation of ~L_* systems. In our primary simulation,
which models a (50\hmpc)^3 comoving volume of a Lambda-dominated cold dark
matter universe, the space density of objects at our (64-particle) baryon mass
resolution threshold, M_c=5.4e10 M_sun, corresponds to that of observed
galaxies with L~L_*/4. Galaxies above this threshold gain most of their mass by
accretion rather than by mergers. At the redshift of peak mass growth, z~2,
accretion dominates over merging by about 4:1. The mean accretion rate per
galaxy declines from ~40 M_sun/yr at z=2 to ~10 M_sun/yr at z=0, while the
merging rate peaks later (z~1) and declines more slowly, so by z=0 the ratio is
about 2:1. We cannot distinguish truly smooth accretion from merging with
objects below our mass resolution threshold, but extrapolating our measured
mass spectrum of merging objects, dP/dM ~ M^a with a ~ -1, implies that
sub-resolution mergers would add relatively little mass. The global star
formation history in these simulations tracks the mass accretion rate rather
than the merger rate. At low redshift, destruction of galaxies by mergers is
approximately balanced by the growth of new systems, so the comoving space
density of resolved galaxies stays nearly constant despite significant mass
evolution at the galaxy-by-galaxy level. The predicted merger rate at z<~1
agrees with recent estimates from close pairs in the CFRS and CNOC2 redshift
surveys.Comment: Submitted to ApJ, 35 pp including 15 fig
Gravitational energy
Observers at rest in a stationary spacetime flat at infinity can measure
small amounts of rest-mass+internal energies+kinetic energies+pressure energy
in a small volume of fluid attached to a local inertial frame. The sum of these
small amounts is the total "matter energy" for those observers. The total
mass-energy minus the matter energy is the binding gravitational energy.
Misner, Thorne and Wheeler evaluated the gravitational energy of a
spherically symmetric static spacetime. Here we show how to calculate
gravitational energy in any static and stationary spacetime for isolated
sources with a set of observers at rest.
The result of MTW is recovered and we find that electromagnetic and
gravitational 3-covariant energy densities in conformastatic spacetimes are of
opposite signs. Various examples suggest that gravitational energy is negative
in spacetimes with special symmetries or when the energy-momentum tensor
satisfies usual energy conditions.Comment: 12 pages. Accepted for publication in Class. Quantum Gra
Plasmarings as dual black rings
We construct solutions to the relativistic Navier-Stokes equations that
describe the long wavelength collective dynamics of the deconfined plasma phase
of N=4 Yang Mills theory compactified down to d=3 on a Scherk-Schwarz circle
and higher dimensional generalisations. Our solutions are stationary, axially
symmetric spinning balls and rings of plasma. These solutions, which are dual
to (yet to be constructed) rotating black holes and black rings in
Scherk-Schwarz compactified AdS(5) and AdS(6), and have properties that are
qualitatively similar to those of black holes and black rings in flat five
dimensional supergravity.Comment: 40 pages, 40 figures. (v2) Correction to black brane equation of
state, additional reference
Generalized mean-field study of a driven lattice gas
Generalized mean-field analysis has been performed to study the ordering
process in a half-filled square lattice-gas model with repulsive nearest
neighbor interaction under the influence of a uniform electric field. We have
determined the configuration probabilities on 2-, 4-, 5-, and 6-point clusters
excluding the possibility of sublattice ordering. The agreement between the
results of 6-point approximations and Monte Carlo simulations confirms the
absence of phase transition for sufficiently strong fields.Comment: 4 pages (REVTEX) with 4 PS figures (uuencoded
Mass and angular momenta of Kerr anti-de Sitter spacetimes in Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet theory
We compute the mass and angular momenta of rotating anti-de Sitter spacetimes
in Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet theory of gravity using a superpotential derived from
standard Noether identities. The calculation relies on the fact that the
Einstein and Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet vacuum equations are the same when
linearized on maximally symmetric backgrounds and uses the recently discovered
D-dimensional Kerr-anti-de Sitter solutions to Einstein's equations
- …